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The Death of Prophet Muhammed (pbuh)

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Contributed by Prof. Dr. Nazeer Ahmed, PhD Summary : Islam burst upon the global scene in the ‘7 th century and transformed a nomadic people into prime movers of a world civilization. Prophet Muhammed (p) was the architect of that transformation. His death in 632 presented the Islamic community with its first major challenge. The Muslims met this challenge by establishing the institution of the Caliphate and affirming the continuity of historical Islam. The nascent Islamic state, with its capital at Madina, successfully defended itself from the predatory reach of the Byzantine and Sassanid Empires. But that very success sowed the seeds of dissension in the community. The captured wealth of Persia brought greed and nepotism and resulted in the assassination of the third Caliph Uthman bin Affan (r). The fourth Caliph Ali ibn Abu Talib (r) tried to stem the tide of corruption and return to the pristine purity of faith but he was swept away by the whirlwinds created b
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HISTORY OF KARACHI City of Pakistan

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The area of Karachi has been known to the ancient Greeks by many names: Krokola , the place where Alexander the Great camped to prepare a fleet for Babylonia after his campaign in the Indus valley ; 'Morontobara' port (probably the modern Manora Island near the Karachi harbor ), from where Alexander's admiral Nearchus sailed for back home; and Barbarikon , a sea port of the Indo-Greek Bactrian kingdom. It was also known as the port of Debal to the Arabs , from where Muhammad bin Qasim led his conquering force into South Asia in 712 AD. According to the British historian Eliot, parts of city of Karachi and the island of Manora constituted the city of Debal . The present city started its life as a fishing settlement where a Sindhi fisherwoman by the name of Mai Kolachi took up residence and started a family. The village that later grew out of this settlement was known as Kolachi-jo-Goth (The Village of Kolachi in Sindhi ). By the late 1700s this vi
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Balochistan Old Maps

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Balochistan Map in 1860
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Jinnah's Letter to Khan of Kalat demanding Accession to Pakistan

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BALOCH INSURGENCIES 1948-1977

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BALOCH INSURGENCIES 1948-1977 Wahe Wata n O Hushkien Dar The fatherland even barren is worth anything Balochi saying People with a warlike spirit, wearing exalted plumes, like the cocks comb, on their turbans. Firdausi in Shahnama The present day insurgency in Balochistan is a continuum of the intermittent guerrilla struggle against the Pakistani state that has characterized Balochistan since 1948. The insurgency in 2004-05 is only different from the ones in 1948-52, 1958-60, 1962-69 and 1973-77 in the scale of the violence and the geographical spread of the insurgency. The causes, the issues, the demands and the goal continue to be the same. On August 15, 1947, a day after Pakistan came into existence, the Khan of Kalat had declared independence. Kalats independent status had been affirmed several
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INSTRUMENT OF ACCESSION OF KALAT STATE

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WHEREAS the Indian Independence Act, 1947, provides that as from the fifteenth day of August, 1947, there shall be set up an independent Dominion known as PAKISTAN, and that the Government of India Act, 1935 shall, with such omissions, additions, adaptations and modifications as the Governor-General may by order specify, be applicable to the Dominion of Pakistan; AND WHEREAS the Government of India Act, 1935, as so adapted by the Governor-General provides that an Indian State may accede to the Dominion of Pakistan by an Instrument of Accession executed by the Ruler thereof:
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PAKISTAN ABSORBS THE KHANATE

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The Khan of Kalat, who had expressed his enthusiasm for Pakistan as had Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who was the leader of the Muslim League and went on to become the first Governor General of Pakistan, in his payrolls as the legal advisor to the Kalat state, resorted to the legal position that with the lapse of paramountcy, leased out territories around Quetta that would return to Kalat and so also Kharan and Las Bela would be left independent to decide to rejoin Kalat.
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